Graves, Calvin (3 Jan. 1804-11 Feb. 1877), legislator, lawyer, and farmer, was born in Caswell County near Yanceyville. His grandfather, John Graves, was the first of the family to move to North Carolina, settling in Caswell County near Country Line Creek in 1770 and serving his new state in the General Assembly and the constitutional conventions of 1788 and 1789, called to consider the ratification of the Federal Constitution. His father, Azariah Graves, was general of the Sixteenth Brigade, Third Division, of the North Carolina militia during the Revolutionary War and, for seven terms, represented Caswell County in the state senate. Calvin Graves's mother was Elizabeth Williams, daughter of Colonel John Williams, also a prominent Revolutionary War leader.
After receiving his early education at Bingham Academy near Hillsborough and other schools, Graves entered The University of North Carolina in 1823 and remained one year before withdrawing to study law under his brother-in-law, Judge Thomas Settle. He remained there a year before enrolling in the law school conducted by Judge Leonard Henderson. Graves was admitted to the North Carolina bar in 1827 at age twenty-three and began to practice in 1828.
With a Jeffersonian political heritage behind him, it is not surprising that Calvin emerged as a staunch Jacksonian Democrat. He entered political life as a delegate from Caswell County to the North Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1835, held in Raleigh. In this convention he voted against any changes in the religious tests which then prevented Roman Catholics from holding public office. Graves also opposed the continued enfranchisement of the free Negroes living in the state. He supported the biennial sessions of the General Assembly and direct election of the governor by the voters for a two-year term. He also worked hard for the adoption of the proposed constitutional amendments in his home county, which were approved by a three-to-one majority.
Continuing with his law practice, Graves was first elected to the legislature as a member of the house from Caswell County in 1840, that being the first General Assembly to meet in the newly completed state capitol. He was reelected to the house and remained there through the 1844-45 session. In 1846, he was elected to the state senate where he served for two terms. As a member of the house, his leadership qualities were recognized early by his colleagues, who chose him as speaker in 1842, in only his second term. Whig control prevented his reelection as speaker during the next session. While running for the senate in 1846, he was apparently seriously considered by some members of the Democratic party leadership as a possible nominee for governor; however, he effectively removed his name from consideration as not being the "proper person" for the times. Upon his election to the senate, he was chosen as speaker pro tempore and delivered one of the more influential speeches of the session, opposing redistricting of the state for what was considered by the Democrats as political expediency. His reasoning is said to have convinced enough Whigs to change their minds so that the bill failed. In 1848, Graves was elected speaker of the senate after a week-long voting marathon caused by the successive tie votes of a deadlocked chamber. It was finally broken by a compromise that reflected the confidence in which he was held by Whigs and Democrats alike.
It was in this 1848-49 session that Calvin Graves fully revealed his qualities of statesmanship and played the part for which he is best remembered. Plagued from its very beginning by conflicting geographic features and political boundaries, North Carolina had found it difficult to reconcile the resulting economic differences--hence, the divergent political interests between the eastern and western sections of the state. With the advent of canals, and later railroads, some foresaw a means of tying the state together both economically and politically. by 1848, the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad provided the east with a north-south line to out-of-state markets, and the west wanted its own access to northern markets by the proposed Danville-Charlotte link. Some state leaders believed that the time had come to unify the state with an east-west line, the proposed North Carolina Railroad.
As speaker of the senate, Calvin Graves, who served a western county through which the Danville-Charlotte link would pass, was faced with the same tie vote that had earlier blocked his election as speaker. Believing that the state's only chance for real growth and development lay in economic unity, he unhesitatingly case his tie-breaking vote for the North Carolina Railroad, which eventually connected Raleigh, Graham, Greensboro, Salisbury, and Charlotte, with a later extension to Asheville. In voting for this act he was aware that he was ensuring the future welfare of the entire state, but at a cost of personal political oblivion. He was never again elected to political office. However, some friends apparently urged him to run for Congress in the mid-1850s, whereas others petitioned him to run for the General Assembly in 1864, but he always declined.
After the 1848-49 session adjourned, Graves joined former Governor John M. Morehead, Judge Romulus M. Saunders, and John A. Gilmer in touring the state to make a public appeal for raising the private capital required to match the state appropriated funds that would make the North Carolina Railroad a reality. As a result Governor Charles Manly, North Carolina's last Whig governor, appointed Graves a commissioner on the Board of Internal Improvements in 1849; he was reappointed to the post by Democratic Governor David S. Reid and served until 1854.
Graves also pursued other interests during these early, post-legislative years. In 1844 he was appointed a trustee of The University of North Carolina and served until 1868, when the Radical Republicans took control of the government. During the 1844-49 legislative session, he supported Dorothea Dix's plea for an insane asylum and was involved for some years thereafter in helping to ensure its establishment.
In 1837 he joined the Trinity Baptist Church near his home and throughout his life remained a staunch supporter of his church and his faith. His advice was sought by such men as Dr. Samuel Wait and Elder Thomas Meredith, who visited him often as they and others led the struggle to establish Wake Forest College and the Baptist paper, the Biblical Recorder. In 1844 he was elected a trustee of Wake Forest College and served until 1862. When presiding as moderator of the Beulah Baptist Association in 1857, he pledged $500 to the endowment of Wake Forest when the institution was making its first real effort in the field to create such a fund. He taught Sunday school and was very active in his home church, writing at one point that he was conducting a Sunday school class for fifty Negroes.
In the early 1850s Graves retired from his law practice and began devoting more and more of his time to managing his farms, the use of which he had been given by his father and which he inherited upon his death. By 1856, he complained that his eyes were failing him and that, after a day's work overseeing his farms, he no longer had the strength or the desire to write letters or perform his record-keeping chores. The death of his wife Elizabeth in 1858, after a two-year illness, virtually marks the end of his active participation in public affairs. Early in 1859 he remarried and continued to live quietly on his farm until his health gradually declined in the early to mid-1870s. He died at the age of seventy-three at his home, Locust Hill, about ten miles west of Yanceyville, Caswell County. His grave is located in a family graveyard about two miles southwest of his home.
Graves has been characterized as calm, stable, and deliberate in temperament, never in a hurry, very slow to anger and thorough in all endeavors. He is said to have looked with charity upon all his fellow men. His letters abound with moral counsel and religious blessings for his relatives, and with prayers for the sustenance of his friends. He was well known as a sound source of advice, political and otherwise; his letters to political leaders reflect detailed analyses of current events.
In 1830 Graves married Elizabeth Lea, daughter of John C. Lea, by whom he had four children: John Williams, a graduate of The University of North Carolina in 1854, captain in the Confederate Army, and lawyer, who died in 1872 from an illness in Salt Lake City where he was a member of the bar; George, who married and seems to have lived near his father and helped manage the farms; and two daughters, Betty and Caroline, both educated at female academies. His second wife was Mary Wilson Lea, widow of William Lea who died in 1856, and niece of his first wife. There were no children by this marriage. A portrait of Calvin Graves is published in John Livingston's Portraits of Eminent Americans Now Living, 1853-1854. Graves indicated that the daguerreotype for this engraving was made in New York about 1851 or 1852 especially for Livingston's book.
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The following is from the article on General Azariah Graves (1768-1850) in The Heritage of Caswell County North Carolina, Jeannine D. Whitlow, Editor (1985) at 233:
The plantation, known as Oak Grove was divided among his four children and the homeplace went to Azariah Jr., or II. When members of the family began to move south, Azariah, Jr. sold the place to Ansel Ware, took his slaves to Georgia to make a crop and buy a suitable home for his family. Instead he raised one crop on rented land, decided North Carolina was better, and returned to the old homestead which he repurchased for a thousand dollars more than the selling price.
It might be stated here that the second son of Gen. Azariah was Calvin, January 3, 1804--February 11, 1877, who inherited the largest acreage from his father. After [attending the] University of North Carolina, he read law with Judge Settle and Judge Henderson and was admitted to the bar in 1827. He was a splendid jurist and served in the legislature from 1840 until 1848. His vote to spend two million dollars for building a railroad across North Carolina from east to west, ruined him politically. Both he and his father are buried in unmarked graves in a family cemetery near Trinity Church.
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The following is from When the Past Refused to Die: A History of Caswell County North Carolina 1777-1977, William S. Powell (1977) at 149-150 (paragraph break added for ease of reading):
Calvin Graves, born in Caswell in 1804, made one magnificent sacrifice for which he was both acclaimed and condemned. He was educated at William Bingham's noted school in that part of Orange County which became Alamance, not far from Mebane. He afterwards attended the University for one year--1823-24. Leaving Chapel Hill he began to study law with his brother-in-law, Thomas Settle, and completed his training at the law school conducted by Chief Justice Leonard Henderson. He was admitted to the bar in 1827 and soon became a highly respected lawyer. In 1835 he represented his native county at the Constitutional Convention and supported the amendments which gave the state a much more democratic government than it had under the old 1776 Constitution. He was county solicitor before 1840 when he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, where he served through 1845 and was Speaker during the 1842-43 session.
He was elected to the state Senate in 1846 and served two terms until 1848. He was Speaker during his last term, 1848-49. During that session the House passed a bill to charter the North Carolina Railroad which would run east and west through the heart of North Carolina; other interests supported another line running north and south between South Carolina and Virginia. The vote on the North Carolina Railroad bill in the Senate was a tie, 24 to 24, when Speaker Graves boldly and dramatically broke the tie by voting in favor of the bill. This was not the way his constituents would have preferred to have him vote and he was aware of this. Nevertheless, an east-west railroad, he fully realized, would be of great benefit to the whole state. His brave vote on the evening of January 25, 1849, however, earned him a place in the hearts of many outside his county. Upon hearing his vote in the Senate chamber, a witness recorded, "such was the surprise and delight of the friends of the measure as well members as other, that all hands raised a shout of joyous acclamation." When the session was concluded, he was never again to enjoy an elective office. Nevertheless he continued as a member of the Board of Trustees of the University, a post to which he had been elected in 1844 and he served until 1868. He also continued as a member of the Board of Internal Improvements, and he served for a time on the Literary Board. When ground was broken in Greensboro on July 11, 1851, for the new railroad for which he had sacrificed his political career, Calvin Graves was the leading participant.
Graves' home at Locust Hill stands near that of his neighbor, Bedford Brown. Graves died in 1878.
From DICTIONARY OF NORTH CAROLINA BIOGRAPHY, Volumes 1-7, edited by William S. Powell. Copyright © 1979-1996 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. http://www.uncpress.unc.edu
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"North Carolina Railroad Has Proved Profitable Investment--It Lent Money to Confederacy and Has Returned State and Individual Stockholders Profit of More Than $14,000,000 in 94 Years" Raleigh, Feb 9, 1944--(AP)--A $4,000,000 investment which survived and lent money heavily to the Confederate States in the Civil War, has returned the State of North Carolina and hundreds of individual stockholders a profit of more than $14,000,000 in 94 years. The investment is the North Carolina railroad, now owned by the North Carolina railroad company -- or the State and its hundreds of co-partners. Chartered in 1849, it now is under lease to the Southern Railway company for 99 years at a net annual rent of 7.15 percent of the owners net capital stock--or $214,007 a year. Add to that the revenues derived from special dividends from the sale of special rights and property along the line itself. Taken over a period of 47 years since the lease was signed, the operating company now has paid to the owners something like $10,058,294 in rental percentage payments alone. At the end of the 99 years a new lease must be signed or the property goes back to the owners.
The company owns 224.12 miles of trackage extending from Goldsboro to Charlotte, through Raleigh, Durham, Greensboro, High Point and Salisbury--an area embracing the heart of the State's agricultural and industrial region. Mileage from Greensboro to Charlotte is double-tracked and forms a vital segment of the Southern's mail line between Washington and Atlanta.
When the road was chartered, the general assembly of that year authorized the appropriation of $2,000,000 as the State's share in the investment. Private citizens contributed another $1,000,000. Later, when more funds were needed to complete the line, the State appropriated another $1,000,000. Today, of the 40,000 shares of common stock outstanding in the debt-free company, the State owns 30,002 shares. The remaining 9,998 are owned by individuals, many of whom are descendants of the original investors.
Speaker pro-tem Calvin Graves of the 1849 senate sometimes is called the father of the State's railroad business. It was he who actually created the road. After passing the house by a six-vote majority, the bill creating the road came before the Senate. Here the vote was 24-24. Graves voted in the affirmative and the Raleigh register said the "applause was deafening." Graves broke the ground at a ceremony at Greensboro on July 11, 1851. "A crowd of people appeared such as we may safely say has never before been seen in our town," The Greensboro Patriot said at the time. Graves delivered the address.
As he closed his speech, Graves dug up "a few spadefuls of earth and deposited them in a box, along with a list of officers, stockholders, distinguished guests, coins and newspapers of the day, and an address to be read on the 100th anniversary of the occasion when the box is to be opened." The company now has a standing reward of $100 to the person finding the box.
Actual track-laying was started at Goldsboro and Charlotte in early 1854. Daily trains began operating from Concord to Charlotte the following September, the last rail was laid 4 1/2 miles west of Greensboro on Jan. 29, 185_. The next day mail and passenger trains made their first trips from Goldsboro to Charlotte.
During the Civil War the road lent money to many of the Confederate states--never repaid--and its last payroll in Confederate money still is in the company's files. Much of the stock is owned by fifth generations.
Source: The Robesonian (Lumberton, North Carolina), 9 February 1944.
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References
- Dictionary of North Carolina Biography (Volume 2 D-G), William S. Powell (1986)
- The Heritage of Caswell County North Carolina, Jeannine D. Whitlow, Editor (1985)
- When the Past Refused to Die--A History of Caswell County, North Carolina 1777-1977, William S. Powell (1977)
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